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World War I World War i
World War I[j] or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in Europe and the Middle East, as well as in parts of Africa and the Asia-Pacific, and in Europe was characterised by trench warfare and the use of artillery, machine guns, and chemical weapons (gas). World War I[j] ou première World War (28 juillet 1914 - 11 novembre 1918), également connue sous le nom de grande guerre, est un conflit mondial opposant deux coalitions : les alliés (ou l'Entente) et les puissances centrales. les combats se déroulent principalement en Europe et au Moyen-Orient, ainsi que dans certaines régions d'Afrique et d'Asie-Pacifique, et à Europe. Elle se caractérise par une guerre de tranchées et l'utilisation de l'artillerie, de mitrailleuses et d'armes chimiques (gaz).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-10
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_of_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_of_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_casualties https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_casualties
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu
The causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the balance of power in Europe in place for most of the 19th century, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and imperialism. Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Les causes de World War I comprennent la montée en puissance de l'Allemagne et le déclin de l'Empire ottoman, qui ont perturbé l'équilibre des pouvoirs en Europe en place pendant la majeure partie du XIXe siècle, ainsi qu'une concurrence économique accrue entre les nations, déclenchée par de nouvelles vagues d'industrialisation et d'impérialisme. Les tensions croissantes entre les grandes puissances et dans les Balkans ont atteint leur point de rupture le 28 juin 1914, lorsqu'un Serbe de Bosnie nommé Gavrilo Princip a assassiné l'archiduc François-Ferdinand, héritier du trône austro-hongrois.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Imperialism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Imperialism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Serb https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Serb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July. Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year. Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the Western Front consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. As the fighting expanded to more fronts, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and others joined in from 1915 onward. L'Autriche-Hongrie tient la Serbie pour responsable et lui déclare la guerre le 28 juillet. La Russie se mobilise pour défendre la Serbie et, le 4 août, l'Allemagne, la Russie, la France et le Royaume-Uni sont entraînés dans la guerre, les Ottomans se joignant à eux en novembre de la même année. La stratégie de l'Allemagne en 1914 consistait à vaincre rapidement la France, puis à transférer ses forces sur le front Russian. Cette stratégie a toutefois échoué et, à la fin de l'année, le front occidental consistait en une ligne continue de tranchées s'étendant de la Manche à la Suisse. Le front oriental était plus dynamique, mais aucun des deux camps n'a pu prendre un avantage décisif, malgré des offensives coûteuses. Au fur et à mesure que les combats s'étendaient à d'autres fronts, l'Italie, la Bulgarie, la Roumanie, la Grèce et d'autres pays se sont joints à la guerre à partir de 1915.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare_(February_1917) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare_(February_1917)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spring_offensive https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spring_offensive
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Army https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Army
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918
The Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed various settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the Treaty of Versailles, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large sums of war reparations to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The League of Nations was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in 1939. La conférence de paix de Paris de 1919-1920 a imposé divers règlements aux puissances vaincues, notamment le traité de Versailles, par lequel l'Allemagne a perdu d'importants territoires, a été désarmée et a dû payer d'importantes réparations de guerre aux alliés. la dissolution des empires Russian, German, austro-hongrois et Ottoman a redessiné les frontières nationales et entraîné la création de nouveaux États indépendants, dont la Pologne, la Finlande, les États baltes, la Tchécoslovaquie et la Yougoslavie. la Société des Nations a été créée pour maintenir la paix dans le monde, mais son incapacité à gérer l'instabilité pendant l'entre-deux-guerres a contribué à l'éclatement de la guerre froide. World War II en 1939.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II
Names Noms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiroEpstein2006329-11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiroEpstein2006329-11
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%C3%A0_Court_Repington https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%C3%A0_Court_Repington
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-12
Before World War II, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War. [3] In August 1914, the magazine The Independent wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself". Avant World War IIles événements de 1914-1918 étaient généralement connus sous le nom de grande guerre ou simplement la World War. [3] en août 1914, le magazine l'indépendant écrivait "c'est la grande guerre. elle se nomme elle-même".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraybon20048-13 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraybon20048-13
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(New_York_City) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(New_York_City)
[4] In October 1914, the Canadian magazine Maclean's similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War."[5] Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as "the war to end war" and it was also described as "the war to end all wars" due to their perception of its unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life. [4] en octobre 1914, le magazine canadien Maclean's écrit également : "certaines guerres se nomment elles-mêmes. c'est la grande guerre".[5] Les Européens contemporains l'ont également qualifiée de"guerre pour mettre fin à la guerre" et elle a également été décrite comme "la guerre pour mettre fin à toutes les guerres" en raison de leur perception de son ampleur inégalée, de sa dévastation et des pertes humaines qu'elle a entraînées.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-independent19140817-14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-independent19140817-14
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-15
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_war_to_end_war https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_war_to_end_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-16 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-16
Main article: Causes of World War I Article principal : causes de World War I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I
Political and military alliances Alliances politiques et militaires
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-17 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-17
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)
Map of Europe focusing on Austria-Hungary and marking the central location of ethnic groups in it including Slovaks, Czechs, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Romanians, Ukrainians, Poles. Carte de l'Europe centrée sur l'Autriche-Hongrie et indiquant la position centrale des groupes ethniques qui la composent, notamment les Slovaques, les Tchèques, les Slovènes, les Croates, les Serbes, les Roumains, les Ukrainiens et les Polonais.
For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous balance of power, known as the Concert of Europe.[7] After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called splendid isolation, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, New Imperialism, and the rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck. The 1866 Austro-Prussian War established Prussian hegemony in German states, while victory in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War allowed Bismarck to consolidate a German Empire under Prussian leadership. Pendant une grande partie du XIXe siècle, les principales puissances européennes ont maintenu un équilibre fragile, connu sous le nom de Concert de Europe.[7] Après 1848, cet équilibre a été remis en question par le retrait de la Grande-Bretagne dans ce que l'on appelle le splendide isolement, le déclin de l'empire Ottoman , le nouvel impérialisme et la montée en puissance de la Prusse sous la direction d'Otto von Bismarck. La guerre austro-prussienne de 1866 a établi l'hégémonie prussienne dans les États German, tandis que la victoire dans la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870-1871 a permis à Bismarck de consolider un empireGerman sous la direction de la Prusse.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_of_Europe https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_of_Europe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendid_isolation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendid_isolation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Imperialism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Imperialism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire
Post 1871, the primary aim of French policy was to avenge this defeat,[8] but by the early 1890s, this had switched to the expansion of the French colonial empire.[9] Après 1871, l'objectif principal de la politique française est de venger cette défaite,[8] mais au début des années 1890, cet objectif s'est transformé en expansion de l'empire colonial français[9].[9]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeldin1977117-19 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeldin1977117-19
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-20 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-20
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan199852-21 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan199852-21
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan198620-23 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan198620-23
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entente_Cordiale https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entente_Cordiale
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Game https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Game
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200315-24 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200315-24
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Crisis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Crisis
Arms race Course aux armements
SMS Rheinland, a Nassau-class battleship, Germany's first response to the British Dreadnought, 1910 SMS Rheinlandun cuirassé de classe Nassau, première réponse de l'Allemagne au British Dreadnought, 1910
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Rheinland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Rheinland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau-class_battleship https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau-class_battleship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200321-26 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200321-26
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-water_navy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-water_navy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200321-26 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200321-26
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201645-29 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201645-29
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201642-31 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201642-31

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World War I was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, resulting in an estimated 9 million military dead and 23 million wounded, plus up to 8 million civilian deaths from causes including genocide (including the Armenian genocide). The movement of large numbers of troops and civilians was a major factor in spreading the Spanish flu pandemic, which killed millions.
In April 1917, the United States entered the war on the Allied side following Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against Atlantic shipping. Later that year, the Bolsheviks seized power in the Russian October Revolution, after which Soviet Russia signed an armistice with the Central Powers in December, followed by a separate peace in March 1918. That month, Germany launched an offensive in the west, which despite initial successes left the German Army exhausted and demoralised. A successful Allied counter-offensive from August 1918 caused a collapse of the German front line. By early November, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary had each signed armistices with the Allies, leaving Germany isolated. Facing a revolution at home, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the Armistice of 11 November 1918.

Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July. Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year. Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the Western Front consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. As the fighting expanded to more fronts, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and others joined in from 1915 onward.

Kane conceived Batman in early 1939 to capitalize on the popularity of Superman; although Kane frequently claimed sole creation credit, Finger substantially developed the concept from a generic superhero into something more bat-like. They drew inspiration from pulp fiction characters like the Shadow and Sherlock Holmes. Batman received a spin-off publication, Batman, in 1940. Kane and Finger introduced Batman as a ruthless vigilante who frequently killed or maimed criminals, but he evolved into a just, disciplined superhero with a stringent moral code that prohibits killing during the 1940s. Unlike most superheroes, Batman does not possess any superpowers, instead relying on his intellect, fighting skills, and wealth. The 1960s Batman television series used a camp aesthetic, which continued to be associated with Batman for years after it ended.

The Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed various settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the Treaty of Versailles, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large sums of war reparations to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The League of Nations was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

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The first recorded use of the term First World War was in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel who stated, "There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word."[1] It was later used as a title for his 1920 memoirs by Lt-Col. Charles à Court Repington.[2]

The first recorded use of the term First World War was in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel who stated, "There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word."[1] It was later used as a title for his 1920 memoirs by Lt-Col. Charles à Court Repington.[2]

[4] In October 1914, the Canadian magazine Maclean's similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War."[5] Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as "the war to end war" and it was also described as "the war to end all wars" due to their perception of its unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life.

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Background
Rival military coalitions in 1914:[k] Triple Entente Triple Alliance

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In 1873, Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors, which included Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany. After the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War, the League was dissolved due to Austrian concerns over the expansion of Russian influence in the Balkans, an area they considered to be of vital strategic interest. Germany and Austria-Hungary then formed the 1879 Dual Alliance, which became the Triple Alliance when Italy joined in 1882. [10] For Bismarck, the purpose of these agreements was to isolate France by ensuring the three Empires resolve any disputes between themselves; when this was threatened in 1880 by British and French attempts to negotiate directly with Russia, he reformed the League in 1881, which was renewed in 1883 and 1885. After this expired in 1887, Bismarck set up the Reinsurance Treaty, a secret agreement between Germany and Russia to remain neutral if either were attacked by France or Austria-Hungary.[11]

For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous balance of power, known as the Concert of Europe.[7] After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called splendid isolation, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, New Imperialism, and the rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck. The 1866 Austro-Prussian War established Prussian hegemony in German states, while victory in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War allowed Bismarck to consolidate a German Empire under Prussian leadership.

Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July. Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year. Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the Western Front consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. As the fighting expanded to more fronts, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and others joined in from 1915 onward.

The causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the balance of power in Europe in place for most of the 19th century, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and imperialism. Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

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World empires and colonies c.

World empires and colonies c. 1914

1914

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For Bismarck, peace with Russia was the foundation of German foreign policy but in 1890, he was forced to retire by Wilhelm II. The latter was persuaded not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty by his new Chancellor, Leo von Caprivi.[12] This gave France an opening to agree the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894, which was then followed by the 1904 Entente Cordiale with Britain. The Triple Entente was completed by the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention.

The causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the balance of power in Europe in place for most of the 19th century, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and imperialism. Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous balance of power, known as the Concert of Europe.[7] After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called splendid isolation, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, New Imperialism, and the rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck. The 1866 Austro-Prussian War established Prussian hegemony in German states, while victory in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War allowed Bismarck to consolidate a German Empire under Prussian leadership.

In the DC Universe, Batman is the alias of Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, and industrialist who resides in Gotham City. His origin story features him swearing vengeance against criminals after witnessing the murder of his parents, Thomas and Martha, as a child, a vendetta tempered by the ideal of justice. He trains himself physically and intellectually, crafts a bat-inspired persona, and monitors the Gotham streets at night.

While not formal alliances, by settling long-standing colonial disputes in Asia and Africa, British support for France or Russia in any future conflict now became a possibility.[13] This was accentuated by British and Russian support for France against Germany during the 1911 Agadir Crisis.[14]
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German economic and industrial strength continued to expand rapidly post-1871. Backed by Wilhelm II, Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz sought to use this growth to build an Imperial German Navy, that could compete with the British Royal Navy.[15] This policy was based on the work of US naval author Alfred Thayer Mahan, who argued that possession of a blue-water navy was vital for global power projection; Tirpitz had his books translated into German, while Wilhelm made them required reading for his advisors and senior military personnel.[16]

In the DC Universe, Batman is the alias of Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, and industrialist who resides in Gotham City. His origin story features him swearing vengeance against criminals after witnessing the murder of his parents, Thomas and Martha, as a child, a vendetta tempered by the ideal of justice. He trains himself physically and intellectually, crafts a bat-inspired persona, and monitors the Gotham streets at night.

This policy was based on the work of US naval author Alfred Thayer Mahan, who argued that possession of a blue-water navy was vital for global power projection; Tirpitz had his books translated into German, while Wilhelm made them required reading for his advisors and senior military personnel.

The causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the balance of power in Europe in place for most of the 19th century, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and imperialism. Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

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However, it was also an emotional decision, driven by Wilhelm's simultaneous admiration for the Royal Navy and desire to surpass it. Bismarck thought that the British would not interfere in Europe, as long as its maritime supremacy remained secure, but his dismissal in 1890 led to a change in policy and an Anglo-German naval arms race began.
[17] Despite the vast sums spent by Tirpitz, the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 gave the British a technological advantage over their German rivals. [15] Ultimately, the race diverted huge resources into creating a German navy large enough to antagonise Britain, but not defeat it; in 1911, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg acknowledged defeat, leading to the Rüstungswende or 'armaments turning point', when he switched expenditure from the navy to the army.

Ultimately, the race diverted huge resources into creating a German navy large enough to antagonise Britain, but not defeat it; in 1911, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg acknowledged defeat, leading to the Rüstungswende or 'armaments turning point', when he switched expenditure from the navy to the army.

In the DC Universe, Batman is the alias of Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, and industrialist who resides in Gotham City. His origin story features him swearing vengeance against criminals after witnessing the murder of his parents, Thomas and Martha, as a child, a vendetta tempered by the ideal of justice. He trains himself physically and intellectually, crafts a bat-inspired persona, and monitors the Gotham streets at night.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200315-24

[18]
This decision was not driven by a reduction in political tensions but by German concern over Russia's quick recovery from its defeat in the Russo-Japanese War and subsequent 1905 Russian Revolution that same year. Economic reforms, backed by French funding, led to a significant post-1908 expansion of railways and transportation infrastructure, particularly in its western border regions.[19] Since Germany and Austria-Hungary relied on faster mobilisation to compensate for their numerical inferiority compared to Russia, the threat posed by the closing of this gap was more important than competing with the Royal Navy. After Germany expanded its standing army by 170,000 troops in 1913, France extended compulsory military service from two to three years; similar measures were taken by the Balkan powers and Italy, which led to increased expenditure by the Ottomans and Austria-Hungary. Absolute figures are difficult to calculate due to differences in categorising expenditure since they often omit civilian infrastructure projects like railways which also had logistical importance and military use. It is known, however, that from 1908 to 1913, military spending by the six major European powers increased by over 50% in real terms.

Since Germany and Austria-Hungary relied on faster mobilisation to compensate for their numerical inferiority compared to Russia, the threat posed by the closing of this gap was more important than competing with the Royal Navy. After Germany expanded its standing army by 170,000 troops in 1913, France extended compulsory military service from two to three years; similar measures were taken by the Balkan powers and Italy, which led to increased expenditure by the Ottomans and Austria-Hungary. Absolute figures are difficult to calculate due to differences in categorising expenditure since they often omit civilian infrastructure projects like railways which also had logistical importance and military use. It is known, however, that from 1908 to 1913, military spending by the six major European powers increased by over 50% in real terms.

Kane conceived Batman in early 1939 to capitalize on the popularity of Superman; although Kane frequently claimed sole creation credit, Finger substantially developed the concept from a generic superhero into something more bat-like. They drew inspiration from pulp fiction characters like the Shadow and Sherlock Holmes. Batman received a spin-off publication, Batman, in 1940. Kane and Finger introduced Batman as a ruthless vigilante who frequently killed or maimed criminals, but he evolved into a just, disciplined superhero with a stringent moral code that prohibits killing during the 1940s. Unlike most superheroes, Batman does not possess any superpowers, instead relying on his intellect, fighting skills, and wealth. The 1960s Batman television series used a camp aesthetic, which continued to be associated with Batman for years after it ended.

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