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Africa
Africa, the second-largest continent, is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. It is divided in half almost equally by the Equator.

Africa has eight major physical regions: the Sahara, the Sahel, the Ethiopian Highlands, savannas, the Swahili Coast, rainforests, the African Great Lakes, and Southern Africa. Some of these regions cover large bands of the continent, such as the Sahara and the Sahel, while others are isolated areas, such as the Ethiopian Highlands and the Great Lakes. Each of these regions has unique animal, plant, and human communities.


Sahara
The Sahara is the world’s largest hot desert. It covers 8.5 million square kilometers (about 3.3 million square miles), making it about the size of Brazil. This desert region makes up 25 percent of Africa and defines the continent’s northern bulge.


The Sahara has a number of distinct physical features, including ergs, regs, hamadas, and oases. Ergs, which cover 20 percent of the Sahara, are sand dunes that stretch for hundreds of kilometers and reach heights of more than 300 meters (1,000 feet). Ergs cover most of Algeria and Libya as well as parts of Mali and Nigeria. These ergs can contain large quantities of salt, which is harvested and sold for industrial and food use. People of the Sahara have been producing salt for thousands of years by creating pits and filling them with water to leach out the salt. The water is then heated to a boil; as it evaporates, the salt is left behind. Salt production remains is a major industry and job source in this part of Africa.






Regs, which make up 70 percent of the Sahara, are plains of sand and gravel. The gravel can be black, red, or white. Regs are the remains of prehistoric seabeds and riverbeds, though they are now nearly waterless.


Hamadas are elevated plateaus of rock and stone. They include the Atlas Mountains, which stretch from southwestern Morocco to northeastern Tunisia; the Tibesti Mountains of southern Libya and northern Chad; and the Ahaggar Mountains in southern Algeria.