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World War I

World War I

World War I[j] or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in Europe and the Middle East, as well as in parts of Africa and the Asia-Pacific, and in Europe was characterised by trench warfare and the use of artillery, machine guns, and chemical weapons (gas).

World War I[j] or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in Europe and the Middle East, as well as in parts of Africa and the Asia-Pacific, and in Europe was characterised by trench warfare and the use of artillery, machine guns, and chemical weapons (gas).

For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous balance of power, known as the Concert of Europe.[7] After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called splendid isolation, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, New Imperialism, and the rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck. The 1866 Austro-Prussian War established Prussian hegemony in German states, while victory in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War allowed Bismarck to consolidate a German Empire under Prussian leadership.

Gemma Arterton, Mads Mikkelsen, Alexa Davalos, Ralph Fiennes, and Liam Neeson, the film was originally set for standard release on March 26, 2010. [3][4] However, it was later announced that the film would be converted to 3D and was released on April 2, 2010. [5][6]

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World War I was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, resulting in an estimated 9 million military dead and 23 million wounded, plus up to 8 million civilian deaths from causes including genocide (including the Armenian genocide). The movement of large numbers of troops and civilians was a major factor in spreading the Spanish flu pandemic, which killed millions.
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The causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the balance of power in Europe in place for most of the 19th century, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and imperialism. Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

The causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the balance of power in Europe in place for most of the 19th century, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and imperialism. Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

The Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed various settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the Treaty of Versailles, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large sums of war reparations to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The League of Nations was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous balance of power, known as the Concert of Europe.[7] After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called splendid isolation, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, New Imperialism, and the rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck. The 1866 Austro-Prussian War established Prussian hegemony in German states, while victory in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War allowed Bismarck to consolidate a German Empire under Prussian leadership.

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Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July. Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year. Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the Western Front consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. As the fighting expanded to more fronts, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and others joined in from 1915 onward.

Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July. Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year. Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the Western Front consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. As the fighting expanded to more fronts, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and others joined in from 1915 onward.

The Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed various settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the Treaty of Versailles, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large sums of war reparations to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The League of Nations was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

The causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the balance of power in Europe in place for most of the 19th century, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and imperialism. Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

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In April 1917, the United States entered the war on the Allied side following Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against Atlantic shipping. Later that year, the Bolsheviks seized power in the Russian October Revolution, after which Soviet Russia signed an armistice with the Central Powers in December, followed by a separate peace in March 1918. That month, Germany launched an offensive in the west, which despite initial successes left the German Army exhausted and demoralised. A successful Allied counter-offensive from August 1918 caused a collapse of the German front line. By early November, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary had each signed armistices with the Allies, leaving Germany isolated. Facing a revolution at home, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the Armistice of 11 November 1918.

Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July. Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year. Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the Western Front consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. As the fighting expanded to more fronts, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and others joined in from 1915 onward.

Kane conceived Batman in early 1939 to capitalize on the popularity of Superman; although Kane frequently claimed sole creation credit, Finger substantially developed the concept from a generic superhero into something more bat-like. They drew inspiration from pulp fiction characters like the Shadow and Sherlock Holmes. Batman received a spin-off publication, Batman, in 1940. Kane and Finger introduced Batman as a ruthless vigilante who frequently killed or maimed criminals, but he evolved into a just, disciplined superhero with a stringent moral code that prohibits killing during the 1940s. Unlike most superheroes, Batman does not possess any superpowers, instead relying on his intellect, fighting skills, and wealth. The 1960s Batman television series used a camp aesthetic, which continued to be associated with Batman for years after it ended.

The Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed various settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the Treaty of Versailles, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large sums of war reparations to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The League of Nations was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

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The Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed various settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the Treaty of Versailles, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large sums of war reparations to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The League of Nations was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

The Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed various settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the Treaty of Versailles, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large sums of war reparations to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The League of Nations was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

The causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the balance of power in Europe in place for most of the 19th century, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and imperialism. Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July. Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year. Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the Western Front consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. As the fighting expanded to more fronts, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and others joined in from 1915 onward.

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Names

Names

The first recorded use of the term First World War was in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel who stated, "There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word."[1] It was later used as a title for his 1920 memoirs by Lt-Col. Charles à Court Repington.[2]

The first recorded use of the term First World War was in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel who stated, "There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word."[1] It was later used as a title for his 1920 memoirs by Lt-Col. Charles à Court Repington.[2]

[4] In October 1914, the Canadian magazine Maclean's similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War."[5] Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as "the war to end war" and it was also described as "the war to end all wars" due to their perception of its unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%C3%A0_Court_Repington

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_store

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-12

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-12

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-17

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-16

Before World War II, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War. [3] In August 1914, the magazine The Independent wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself".

Before World War II, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War. [3] In August 1914, the magazine The Independent wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself".

[4] In October 1914, the Canadian magazine Maclean's similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War."[5] Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as "the war to end war" and it was also described as "the war to end all wars" due to their perception of its unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_casualties

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraybon20048-13

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraybon20048-13

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201642-31

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201645-29

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(New_York_City)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(New_York_City)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Cinema

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow

[4] In October 1914, the Canadian magazine Maclean's similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War."[5] Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as "the war to end war" and it was also described as "the war to end all wars" due to their perception of its unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life.

[4] In October 1914, the Canadian magazine Maclean's similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War."[5] Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as "the war to end war" and it was also described as "the war to end all wars" due to their perception of its unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life.

The first recorded use of the term First World War was in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel who stated, "There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word."[1] It was later used as a title for his 1920 memoirs by Lt-Col. Charles à Court Repington.[2]

Before World War II, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War. [3] In August 1914, the magazine The Independent wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-independent19140817-14

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-independent19140817-14

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-17

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-16

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenyu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%27vi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-15

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-15

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-17

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-16

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_war_to_end_war

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_war_to_end_war

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-16

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-16

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-17

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-15

[6]

Pandora, a

CCH Pounder,

Warner Bros.

Background
Main article: Causes of World War I

Main article: Causes of World War I

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II

Political and military alliances

Political and military alliances

Rival military coalitions in 1914:[k] Triple Entente Triple Alliance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-17

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-17

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-16

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-15

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entente_Cordiale

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Entertainment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente

Map of Europe focusing on Austria-Hungary and marking the central location of ethnic groups in it including Slovaks, Czechs, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Romanians, Ukrainians, Poles.

Map of Europe focusing on Austria-Hungary and marking the central location of ethnic groups in it including Slovaks, Czechs, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Romanians, Ukrainians, Poles.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg

For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous balance of power, known as the Concert of Europe.[7] After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called splendid isolation, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, New Imperialism, and the rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck. The 1866 Austro-Prussian War established Prussian hegemony in German states, while victory in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War allowed Bismarck to consolidate a German Empire under Prussian leadership.

For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous balance of power, known as the Concert of Europe.[7] After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called splendid isolation, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, New Imperialism, and the rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck. The 1866 Austro-Prussian War established Prussian hegemony in German states, while victory in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War allowed Bismarck to consolidate a German Empire under Prussian leadership.

The causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the balance of power in Europe in place for most of the 19th century, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and imperialism. Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

World War I[j] or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in Europe and the Middle East, as well as in parts of Africa and the Asia-Pacific, and in Europe was characterised by trench warfare and the use of artillery, machine guns, and chemical weapons (gas).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_of_Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_of_Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013121%E2%80%93152-18

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013121%E2%80%93152-18

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisp1976174%E2%80%93196-30

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollLuebbert1980153%E2%80%93185-28

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendid_isolation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendid_isolation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Imperialism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Imperialism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire

Post 1871, the primary aim of French policy was to avenge this defeat,[8] but by the early 1890s, this had switched to the expansion of the French colonial empire.[9]

Post 1871, the primary aim of French policy was to avenge this defeat,[8] but by the early 1890s, this had switched to the expansion of the French colonial empire.[9]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchising

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeldin1977117-19

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeldin1977117-19

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-17

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan198620-23

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-20

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-20

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-17

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-16

In 1873, Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors, which included Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany. After the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War, the League was dissolved due to Austrian concerns over the expansion of Russian influence in the Balkans, an area they considered to be of vital strategic interest. Germany and Austria-Hungary then formed the 1879 Dual Alliance, which became the Triple Alliance when Italy joined in 1882.

The causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the balance of power in Europe in place for most of the 19th century, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and imperialism. Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

In the DC Universe, Batman is the alias of Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, and industrialist who resides in Gotham City. His origin story features him swearing vengeance against criminals after witnessing the murder of his parents, Thomas and Martha, as a child, a vendetta tempered by the ideal of justice. He trains himself physically and intellectually, crafts a bat-inspired persona, and monitors the Gotham streets at night.

For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous balance of power, known as the Concert of Europe.[7] After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called splendid isolation, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, New Imperialism, and the rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck. The 1866 Austro-Prussian War established Prussian hegemony in German states, while victory in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War allowed Bismarck to consolidate a German Empire under Prussian leadership.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrisius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgians

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danae

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan199852-21

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan199852-21

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan198620-23

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-20

10
For Bismarck, the purpose of these agreements was to isolate France by ensuring the three Empires resolve any disputes between themselves; when this was threatened in 1880 by British and French attempts to negotiate directly with Russia, he reformed the League in 1881, which was renewed in 1883 and 1885. After this expired in 1887, Bismarck set up the Reinsurance Treaty, a secret agreement between Germany and Russia to remain neutral if either were attacked by France or Austria-Hungary.

For Bismarck, the purpose of these agreements was to isolate France by ensuring the three Empires resolve any disputes between themselves; when this was threatened in 1880 by British and French attempts to negotiate directly with Russia, he reformed the League in 1881, which was renewed in 1883 and 1885. After this expired in 1887, Bismarck set up the Reinsurance Treaty, a secret agreement between Germany and Russia to remain neutral if either were attacked by France or Austria-Hungary.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Regan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedlicott194566%E2%80%9370-22

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedlicott194566%E2%80%9370-22

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig198872%E2%80%9373-27

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1930290%E2%80%93293-25

11
World empires and colonies c. 1914

World empires and colonies c. 1914

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire

For Bismarck, peace with Russia was the foundation of German foreign policy but in 1890, he was forced to retire by Wilhelm II. The latter was persuaded not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty by his new Chancellor, Leo von Caprivi.

For Bismarck, peace with Russia was the foundation of German foreign policy but in 1890, he was forced to retire by Wilhelm II. The latter was persuaded not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty by his new Chancellor, Leo von Caprivi.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan198620-23

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan198620-23

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeegan199852-21

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-20

12
This gave France an opening to agree the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894, which was then followed by the 1904 Entente Cordiale with Britain. The Triple Entente was completed by the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention. While not formal alliances, by settling long-standing colonial disputes in Asia and Africa, British support for France or Russia in any future conflict now became a possibility.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchising

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entente_Cordiale

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entente_Cordiale

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Cohen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Entente

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entente_Cordiale

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Entertainment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Convery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Game

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Game

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeae

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200315-24

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200315-24

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200321-26

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-20

13
This was accentuated by British and Russian support for France against Germany during the 1911 Agadir Crisis.

This was accentuated by British and Russian support for France against Germany during the 1911 Agadir Crisis.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Crisis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir_Crisis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrisius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1930290%E2%80%93293-25

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1930290%E2%80%93293-25

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig198872%E2%80%9373-27

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisp1976174%E2%80%93196-30

14
Arms race

Arms race

SMS Rheinland, a Nassau-class battleship, Germany's first response to the British Dreadnought, 1910

SMS Rheinland, a Nassau-class battleship, Germany's first response to the British Dreadnought, 1910

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Rheinland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Rheinland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau-class_battleship

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau-class_battleship

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Millar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-23,_Linienschiff_%22SMS_Rheinland%22.jpg

German economic and industrial strength continued to expand rapidly post-1871. Backed by Wilhelm II, Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz sought to use this growth to build an Imperial German Navy, that could compete with the British Royal Navy.

German economic and industrial strength continued to expand rapidly post-1871. Backed by Wilhelm II, Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz sought to use this growth to build an Imperial German Navy, that could compete with the British Royal Navy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gough

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Army

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_payment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200321-26

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200321-26

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200315-24

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-20

15
This policy was based on the work of US naval author Alfred Thayer Mahan, who argued that possession of a blue-water navy was vital for global power projection; Tirpitz had his books translated into German, while Wilhelm made them required reading for his advisors and senior military personnel.

This policy was based on the work of US naval author Alfred Thayer Mahan, who argued that possession of a blue-water navy was vital for global power projection; Tirpitz had his books translated into German, while Wilhelm made them required reading for his advisors and senior military personnel.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gough

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-water_navy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-water_navy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig198872%E2%80%9373-27

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig198872%E2%80%9373-27

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1930290%E2%80%93293-25

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedlicott194566%E2%80%9370-22

16
However, it was also an emotional decision, driven by Wilhelm's simultaneous admiration for the Royal Navy and desire to surpass it. Bismarck thought that the British would not interfere in Europe, as long as its maritime supremacy remained secure, but his dismissal in 1890 led to a change in policy and an Anglo-German naval arms race began.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollLuebbert1980153%E2%80%93185-28

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollLuebbert1980153%E2%80%93185-28

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig198872%E2%80%9373-27

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013121%E2%80%93152-18

17
Despite the vast sums spent by Tirpitz, the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 gave the British a technological advantage over their German rivals.

Despite the vast sums spent by Tirpitz, the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 gave the British a technological advantage over their German rivals.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gough

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200321-26

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200321-26

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott200315-24

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-20

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Ultimately, the race diverted huge resources into creating a German navy large enough to antagonise Britain, but not defeat it; in 1911, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg acknowledged defeat, leading to the Rüstungswende or 'armaments turning point', when he switched expenditure from the navy to the army.

Ultimately, the race diverted huge resources into creating a German navy large enough to antagonise Britain, but not defeat it; in 1911, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg acknowledged defeat, leading to the Rüstungswende or 'armaments turning point', when he switched expenditure from the navy to the army.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pollo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201645-29

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201645-29

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201642-31

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan198620-23

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This decision was not driven by a reduction in political tensions but by German concern over Russia's quick recovery from its defeat in the Russo-Japanese War and subsequent 1905 Russian Revolution that same year. Economic reforms, backed by French funding, led to a significant post-1908 expansion of railways and transportation infrastructure, particularly in its western border regions.

This decision was not driven by a reduction in political tensions but by German concern over Russia's quick recovery from its defeat in the Russo-Japanese War and subsequent 1905 Russian Revolution that same year. Economic reforms, backed by French funding, led to a significant post-1908 expansion of railways and transportation infrastructure, particularly in its western border regions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Byrne

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisp1976174%E2%80%93196-30

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisp1976174%E2%80%93196-30

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFay1930290%E2%80%93293-25

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2013121%E2%80%93152-18

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Since Germany and Austria-Hungary relied on faster mobilisation to compensate for their numerical inferiority compared to Russia, the threat posed by the closing of this gap was more important than competing with the Royal Navy. After Germany expanded its standing army by 170,000 troops in 1913, France extended compulsory military service from two to three years; similar measures were taken by the Balkan powers and Italy, which led to increased expenditure by the Ottomans and Austria-Hungary. Absolute figures are difficult to calculate due to differences in categorising expenditure since they often omit civilian infrastructure projects like railways which also had logistical importance and military use. It is known, however, that from 1908 to 1913, military spending by the six major European powers increased by over 50% in real terms.

Since Germany and Austria-Hungary relied on faster mobilisation to compensate for their numerical inferiority compared to Russia, the threat posed by the closing of this gap was more important than competing with the Royal Navy. After Germany expanded its standing army by 170,000 troops in 1913, France extended compulsory military service from two to three years; similar measures were taken by the Balkan powers and Italy, which led to increased expenditure by the Ottomans and Austria-Hungary. Absolute figures are difficult to calculate due to differences in categorising expenditure since they often omit civilian infrastructure projects like railways which also had logistical importance and military use. It is known, however, that from 1908 to 1913, military spending by the six major European powers increased by over 50% in real terms.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Army

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgians

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201642-31

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201642-31

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201645-29

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraybon20048-13

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