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Romania
Romania,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/nation-state
countryof southeastern
https://www.britannica.com/place/Europe
Europe.
The national capital is
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bucharest
Bucharest.
Romania was occupied by Soviet troops in 1944 and became a satellite of the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(U.S.S.R.) in 1948.
The country was under communist rule from 1948 until 1989, when the
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/regime
regimeof Romanian leader
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolae-Ceausescu
Nicolae Ceaușescuwas overthrown.
Free elections were held in 1990.
In 2004 the country joined the
https://www.britannica.com/topic/North-Atlantic-Treaty-Organization
North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO), and in 2007 it became a member of the
https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Union
European Union(EU).
https://cdn.britannica.com/40/183740-050-7729E435/World-Data-Locator-Map-Romania.jpg
https://cdn.britannica.com/40/183740-050-7729E435/World-Data-Locator-Map-Romania.jpg
Romania
https://cdn.britannica.com/40/183740-050-7729E435/World-Data-Locator-Map-Romania.jpg
Romania
The Romanian landscape is approximately one-third mountainous and one-third forested, with the remainder made up of hills and plains.
The climate is temperate and marked by four distinct seasons.
Romania enjoys a considerable wealth of natural resources: fertile land for agriculture; pastures for livestock; forests that provide hard and soft woods; petroleum reserves; metals, including gold and silver in the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Apuseni-Mountains
Apuseni Mountains; numerous rivers that supply hydroelectricity; and a
https://www.britannica.com/place/Black-Sea
Black Seacoastline that is the site of both ports and resorts.
The Romanian people
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/derive
derivemuch of their ethnic and cultural character from
https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-Romania
Romaninfluence, but this ancient identity has been reshaped continuously by Romania’s position astride major continental migration routes.
Romanians regard themselves as the descendants of the ancient Romans who conquered southern
https://www.britannica.com/place/Transylvania
Transylvaniaunder the emperor
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Trajan
Trajanin 105CEand of the Dacians who lived in the mountains north of the Danubian Plain and in the Transylvanian Basin.
By the time of the Roman withdrawal under the emperor
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aurelian
Aurelianin 271, the Roman settlers and the Dacians had intermarried, resulting in a new nation.
Both the Latin roots of the
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romanian-language
Romanian languageand the Eastern Orthodox faith to which most Romanians adhere emerged from the mixture of these two
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cultures
cultures.
From the arrival of the
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hun-people
Hunsin the 5th century until the emergence of the principalities of
https://www.britannica.com/place/Walachia
Walachiaand
https://www.britannica.com/place/Moldavia
Moldaviain the 14th century, the Romanian people virtually disappeared from written history.
During this time Romania was invaded by great folk migrations and warriors on horseback who traveled across the Danubian Plain.
It is believed that in the face of ceaseless violence the Romanians were forced to relocate, finding safety in the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Carpathian-Mountains
Carpathian Mountains.
As military chief
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Helmuth-von-Moltke
Helmuth von Moltkeobserved: “Resistance having nearly always proven useless, the Romanians could no longer think of any other way of defense than flight.”Britannica QuizMatch the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz
https://www.britannica.com/quiz/match-the-country-with-its-hemisphere-quiz
For the next 600 years the Romanian lands served as battlegrounds for their neighbours’ conflicting ambitions.
The Romanians were unable to withstand the imperial pressures first from the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire
Byzantinesand then from the Ottoman Turks to the south in Constantinople (now Istanbul), or later from the
https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Habsburg
Habsburgempire to the west and from
https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia
Russiato the east.
In 1859 the principalities of Walachia and Moldavia were united, and in 1877 they proclaimed their independence from the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire
Ottoman Empireas the modern Romania.
This was accompanied by a conversion from the
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cyrillic-alphabet
Cyrillic alphabetto the Latin and by an exodus of students who sought
https://www.britannica.com/topic/higher-education
higher educationin western Europe, especially
https://www.britannica.com/place/France
France.
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Despite its late start as a European nation-state, Romania in the 20th century produced several world-renowned
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intellectuals
intellectuals, including composer
https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Enesco
Georges Enesco, playwright
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugene-Ionesco
Eugène Ionesco, philosopher Emil Cioran, religion historian
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mircea-Eliade
Mircea Eliade, and Nobel laureate
https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-E-Palade
George E. Palade.
On the eve of
https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II
World War II, journalist Rosa Goldschmidt Waldeck (Countess Waldeck) described her strongest impression of the Romanians:
Two thousand years of severe foreign masters,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/barbarian-invasions
barbarian invasions,
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rapacious
rapaciousconquers, wicked princes, cholera, and earthquakes have given Rumanians a superb sense of the temporary and transitory quality of everything.
Experience in survival has taught them that each fall may result in unforeseen opportunities and that somehow they always get on their feet again.
Land of Romania
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Romania
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Romania
Romania is bounded by
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine
Ukraineto the north,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Moldova
Moldovato the northeast, the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Black-Sea
Black Seato the southeast,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria
Bulgariato the south,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Serbia
Serbiato the southwest, and
https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary
Hungaryto the west.
There is a certain symmetry in the physical structure of Romania.
The
https://www.britannica.com/topic/nation-state
countryforms a complex geographic unit centred on the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Transylvanian-Plateau
Transylvanian Basin, around which the peaks of the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Carpathian-Mountains
Carpathian Mountainsand their associated subranges and structural platforms form a series of crescents.
Beyond this zone, the extensive plains of the south and east of the country, their potential increased by the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Danube-River
Danube Riverand its tributaries, form a fertile outer crescent extending to the frontiers.
There is great
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diversity
diversityin the
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography
topography, geology, climate, hydrology, flora, and fauna, and for millennia this natural
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/environment
environmenthas borne the imprint of a human population.
Romania
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/comprises
comprisesa number of geographic regions, some of which correspond roughly to the historic regions whose names they share.
In the southern part of the country, following the general
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/contours
contoursof the former principality of the same name,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Walachia
Walachia(Wallachia) stretches south from the Southern Carpathians (Transylvanian Alps) to the Bulgarian border and is divided by the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Transylvanian-Alps
https://www.britannica.com/place/Olt-River
Olt River.
In the southeast, situated between the lower Danube and the Black Sea, is the historic and geographic region of
https://www.britannica.com/place/Dobruja
Dobruja, which also
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encompasses
encompassespart of Bulgaria.
The geographic region of
https://www.britannica.com/place/Moldavia
Moldavia,
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/comprising
comprisingonly part of the former principality of Moldavia (the remainder of which
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/constitutes
constitutesthe country of Moldova), stretches from the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Eastern-Carpathian-Mountains
Eastern Carpathian Mountainsto the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Prut-River
Prut Riveron the Ukrainian border.
In western Romania, the historic
https://www.britannica.com/place/Banat
Banatregion is bounded on the north by the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Mures-River
Mureș Riverand reaches west and south into Hungary and Serbia.
Finally, bounded on the north and east by the Eastern Carpathians, on the south by the Southern Carpathians, and on the west by the Bihor Mountains is the geographic region of
https://www.britannica.com/place/Transylvania
Transylvania, which is roughly
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/contiguous
contiguouswith the borders of the former principality of Transylvania and in most schemes includes the Banat.
Relief
The relief of Romania is dominated by the Carpathian Mountains, which can be divided into the Eastern Carpathians, the Southern Carpathians, and the Western Carpathians.
The Eastern Carpathians extend from the Ukrainian frontier to the Prahova River valley and reach their maximum elevation in the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Rodna-Massif
Rodna Mountains, with
https://www.britannica.com/place/Pietrosu
Pietrosurising to 7,556 feet (2,303 metres).
They are made up of a series of parallel crests that are oriented in a more or less north-south direction.
Within these mountains is a central core that is made up of hard, crystalline rocks and has a bold and rugged relief.
Rivers have cut narrow
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/gorges
gorgeshere (known as
cheile)—including the Bistriței and Bicazului gorges—which offer some magnificent scenery.
This portion of the Carpathians is bounded on the eastern side by a zone of softer flysch.
For some 250 miles (400 km) on the western fringe, the volcanic rangesOaș and
https://www.britannica.com/place/Harghita-Mountains
Harghita, with a concentration of volcanic necks and cones, some with craters still preserved, lend character to the landscape.
St. Ana Lake—the only crater lake in Romania—is also found there.
The volcanic crescent provides rich mineral resources (notably copper, lead, and zinc) as well as the mineral-water springs on which are founded several health resorts.
The Carpathian range proper is made up in large part of easily weathered limestones and conglomerates, which again provide some striking scenery.
The
https://www.britannica.com/place/Maramures
Maramureș,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Giurgiu-county-Romania
Giurgiu, Ciuc, and Bârsei depressions further break up the mountainous relief.
https://cdn.britannica.com/90/58690-050-EDDEB1AC/constriction-Kazan-Gorge-gorge-system-Iron-Gate.jpg
https://cdn.britannica.com/90/58690-050-EDDEB1AC/constriction-Kazan-Gorge-gorge-system-Iron-Gate.jpg?w=300
Kazan Gorge
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Kazan GorgeKazan Gorge, cut by the Danube River, on the border of Serbia (left) and Romania (right).(more)
The Southern Carpathians, or
https://www.britannica.com/place/Transylvanian-Alps
Transylvanian Alps, lie between the Prahova River valley on the east and the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Timis
Timișand Cerna river valleys to the west.
They are composed mainly of hard crystalline and volcanic rocks, which give the region the massive character that
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/differentiates
differentiatesit from the other divisions of the Carpathians.
The highest points in Romania are reached in the peaks of Mounts
https://www.britannica.com/place/Moldoveanu
Moldoveanu(8,346 feet ) and
2,544
metres
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Negoiu(8,317 feet ), both in the
2,535
metres
https://www.britannica.com/place/Fagaras-Mountains
Făgăraș Mountains, which, together with the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bucegi-Massif
Bucegi, Parâng, andRetezat-Godeanu massifs, form the major subdivision of the region.
The latter contains Retezat National Park, Romania’s first established (1935)
https://www.britannica.com/science/national-park
national park, which covers about 94,000 acres (38,000 hectares), offers spectacular mountain scenery, and provides an important refuge for the
https://www.britannica.com/animal/chamois-genus-of-mammals
chamois(Rupicapra rupicapra) and other animals.
Ancient erosion platforms, another distinguishing feature of the area, have been
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/utilized
utilizedas pastures since the dawn of European history.
Communication is possible through the high passes of Bran, Novaci-Șugag, and Vâlcan, at elevations up to 7,400 feet (2,260 metres), but the scenic
https://www.britannica.com/place/Olt-River
Olt,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Jiu-River
Jiu, and Danube river valleys carry the main roads and railways through the mountains.
At the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Iron-Gate
Iron Gategorge, on the Danube, a joint navigation and power
https://www.britannica.com/place/Iron-Gate-hydroelectric-project
projectby Romania and the former federation of
https://www.britannica.com/place/Yugoslavia-former-federated-nation-1929-2003
Yugoslaviaharnessed the fast-flowing waters of the gorge.
In addition to greatly improving navigation facilities, the project created two power stations, which are jointly administered by Romania and Serbia.
Finally, as in the Eastern Carpathians, there are important lowland depressions within the mountains (notably Brezoi, Hațeg, and Petroșani), and agriculture and industry are concentrated in them.
The
https://www.britannica.com/place/Western-Carpathians
Western Carpathiansextend for about 220 miles (350 km) between the Danube and
https://www.britannica.com/place/Somes-River
Someșrivers.
Unlike the other divisions of the Carpathians, they do not form a
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/continuous
continuousrange but rather a cluster of massifs around a north-south axis.
Separating the massifs is a series of deeply penetrating structural depressions.
Historically, these depressions have functioned as easily defended “gates,” as is reflected in their names: the Iron Gate of Transylvania (at Bistra); the Eastern Gate, or Poarta Orientală (at Timiș-Cerna); and, most famous, the Iron Gate on the Danube.
Among the massifs themselves, the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Banat-Mountains
BanatandPoiana Ruscăi mountains contain a rich variety of mineral resources and are the site of two of the country’s three largest metallurgical complexes, at
https://www.britannica.com/place/Resita
Reșițaand
https://www.britannica.com/place/Hunedoara-Romania
Hunedoara.
The marble of Ruschița is well known.
To the north lie the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Apuseni-Mountains
Apuseni Mountains, centred on the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bihor-Massif
Bihor Massif, from which emerge fingerlike protrusions of lower relief.
On the east the Bihor Mountains merge into the limestone tableland ofCetățile Ponorului, where the erosive action of water along joints in the rocks has created a fine example of the rugged
https://www.britannica.com/science/karst-geology
karsttype of scenery.
To the west lie the parallel mountain ranges of Zărand, Codru-Moma, and Pădurea Craiului; to the south, along the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Mures-River
Mureș River, the Metaliferi and Trascău mountains contain a great variety of metallic and other ores, with traces of ancient
https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-Romania
Romanmine workings still visible.
The Western Carpathians generally are less forested than other parts of the range, and human settlement reaches to the highest elevations.
The great arc of the Carpathians is accompanied by an outer
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/fringe
fringeof rolling terrain known as the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Subcarpathian-Mountains
Subcarpathiansand extending from the Moldova River in the north to the Motru River in the southwest.
It is from 2 to 19 miles (3 to 31 km) wide and reaches elevations ranging between 1,300 and 3,300 feet (400 and 1,000 metres).
The topography and the milder climate of this region favour vegetation (including such Mediterranean elements as the edible chestnut) and aid agriculture; the region specializes in cereals and fruits, and its
https://www.britannica.com/topic/wine
wines—notably those of Odobești and the Călugărească Valley—are known throughout
https://www.britannica.com/place/Europe
Europe.
The area is densely populated, and there are serious problems of economic development in remoter areas where there is little scope for further agricultural expansion.
https://www.britannica.com/science/tableland
Tablelandsare another important element in the physical geography of Romania.
The tableland of the Transylvanian
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Basinis the largest in the country and has an average elevation of 1,150 feet (350 metres).
In the east, between the outer fringe of the Subcarpathians and the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Prut-River
Prut River, lies the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Moldavian-Plateau
Moldavian Plateau, with an average elevation of 1,600 to 2,000 feet (500 to 600 metres).
The
https://www.britannica.com/place/Dobruja
Dobruja(Dobrodgea) tableland, an ancient, eroded rock mass in the southeast, has an average elevation of 820 feet (250 metres) and reaches a maximum elevation of 1,532 feet (467 metres) in thePricopan Hills.
Plains cover about one-third of Romania, reaching their fullest development in the south and west.
Their economic importance has increased greatly since the early 19th century.
In the southern part of Romania is the Walachian Plain, which can be divided into the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Romanian-Plain
Romanian Plainto the east of the Olt River and theOltenian Plateau to the west.
The whole region is covered by deposits of loess, on which rich black chernozem soils have developed, providing a strong base for agriculture.
The
https://www.britannica.com/place/Danube-River
Danubefloodplain is important economically, and along the entire stretch of the river, from Calafat in the west to
https://www.britannica.com/place/Galati-Romania
Galațiin the east, former marshlands have been diked and drained to increase food production.
Willow and poplar woods border the river, which is important for fishing but much more so for
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/commerce
commerce.
River port towns—including
https://www.britannica.com/place/Drobeta-Turnu-Severin
Drobeta–Turnu Severin, Turnu Măgurele,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Giurgiu-Romania
Giurgiu,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Braila-Romania
Brăila, Galați, and
https://www.britannica.com/place/Tulcea-Romania
Tulcea—complement the rural settlements.
On the northern edge of the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Dobruja
Dobrujaregion, adjoining the Moldavian Plateau, the great swampy triangle of the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Danube-delta
Danube deltais a unique physiographic region covering some 2,000 square miles (5,180 square km), of which the majority is in Romania.
The delta occupies the site of an ancient bay, which in prehistoric times became wholly or partially isolated from the sea by the Letea sandbanks.
The delta, which was designated a UNESCO
https://www.britannica.com/topic/World-Heritage-site
World Heritage sitein 1991, contributes about half of Romania’s fish production from home waters, with fishing off the Danube mouth contributing to the majority of the catch of sturgeon (banned since 2006) and Danube herring.
It also is home to hundreds of species of birds, some of which are rare.
For this reason the
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deltaregion is of great interest not only to a growing number of tourists but also to scientists and conservationists.
Two dozen or more settlements are scattered over the region, but many are exposed to serious flood risks.
Sulina and
https://www.britannica.com/place/Tulcea-county-Romania
Tulceaare the major ports.
Romania lies in an active earthquake zone at the junction of three tectonic plates.
Devastating earthquakes in both 1940 and 1977 caused considerable damage and loss of life in Romania.
Drainage of Romania
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Olt River
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Olt RiverOlt River, flowing through the Făgăraș Mountains, central Romania.
The rivers of Romania are virtually all tributary to the Danube, which forms the southern frontier from
https://www.britannica.com/place/Moldova
MoldovaNouă to
https://www.britannica.com/place/Calarasi-Romania
Călărași.
Nearly two-fifths of the total Danubian discharge into the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Black-Sea
Black Seais in fact provided by Romanian rivers.
The final
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dischargetakes place through three arms—the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Chilia
Chilia(two-thirds of the flow),
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sfintu-Gheorghe
Sfântu Gheorghe(one-fourth), and
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sulina
Sulina(the remainder)—that add to the scenic attraction of the delta region.
The most significant of the Romanian tributary rivers are the Prut,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Mures
Mureș,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Olt
Olt,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Siret-River
Siret, Ialomiƫa, and Someș.
The rivers have considerable hydroelectric potential, although there are great seasonal fluctuations in the discharge and few natural lakes to regulate the flow.
The total surface-water potential of the tributary rivers is dwarfed by the volume discharged at the Danube mouth, which is more than five times as large.
Subsoil waters have been estimated at an annual volume of some 250 billion cubic feet (700 million cubic metres).
The total
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/theoretical
theoreticalhydroelectric potential of Romania—given optimum technological conditions—is tremendous, but for technical and economic reasons only a fraction of this potential can be developed.
Geographically, the hydroelectric reserves of Romania are concentrated along the Danube and in the valleys of rivers emerging from the mountain core of the
https://www.britannica.com/topic/nation-state
country.
Other hydrographic resources include more than 2,500 lakes, ranging from the glacial lakes of the mountains to those of the plains and the marshes of the Danube delta region.
The main effort since the 1940s, however, has been on the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Arges-River
Argeș, Bistrița, Lotru, Olt, Mare,
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sebes
Sebeș, and Someș rivers, as well as on the Danube at the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Iron-Gate
Iron Gate.
Soils
Romania has generally fertile soils.
About one-fifth of the country is covered with chernozem—humus-rich black soils.
These and reddish brown forest soils are found on the plains to the south and east of the Carpathians, as well as in the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Banat
Banat.
Gray-brown podzolic (leached) soils are found at higher elevations.
A broad expanse of alluvial soils covers the Danube floodplain.
Ill-advised cultivation methods during the communist period and
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/profligate
profligateuse of pesticides and industrial pollution after 1990 resulted in a
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/legacy
legacyof significant soil erosion.
Climate
Romania’s location in the southeastern portion of the European continent gives it a climate that is transitional between temperate regions and the harsher extremes of the continental interior.
In the centre and west of the country, humid Atlantic climatic characteristics prevail; in the southeast the continental influences of the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Russian-Plain
Russian Plain(East European Plain) make themselves felt; and in the extreme southeast there are even milder sub-Mediterranean influences.
This overall pattern is substantially modified by the relief, however, and there are many examples of climatic zones
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/induced
inducedby changes in elevation.Britannica QuizYou Name It!
https://www.britannica.com/quiz/you-name-it
The average annual temperature is in the low 50s F (about 11 °C) in the south and in the 40s F (about 8 °C) in the north, although, as noted, there is much variation according to elevation and related factors.
Extreme temperatures range from about 112 °F (45 °C) in the Bărăgan region to –37 °F (–38 °C) in the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Brasov-county-Romania
BrașovDepression.
Average annual rainfall amounts to about 25 inches (640 mm), but in the Carpathians it reaches about 55 inches (1,400 mm), and in the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Dobruja
Dobrujait is only about 16 inches (400 mm).
Many regions are subject to periodic drought and flooding.
Since the early 1990s Romania’s northern regions have been affected by severe rainfall and flooding.
In 1998 and 1999 an unprecedented amount of rain fell in the Retezat Mountains, resulting in landslides, flooding, and widespread destruction and loss of lives.
On the other hand, the southern areas of the country have suffered drought and high temperatures since the 1990s.
These conditions have been
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exacerbated
exacerbatedby injudicious agricultural practices.
Humid winds from the northwest are most common, but often the drier winds from the northeast are strongest.
A hot southwesterly wind, the
austru, blows over western Romania, particularly in summer.
In winter, cold and dense air masses encircle the eastern portions of the country, with the cold northeasterly known as the
crivățblowing in from the Russian Plain, and oceanic air masses from the
https://www.britannica.com/place/Azores
Azores, in the west, bring rain and
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mitigate
mitigatethe severity of the cold.
Romania enjoys four seasons, though there is a rapid transition from winter to summer.
Autumn is frequently longer, with dry warm weather from September to late November.