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Romania
Romania(/roʊˈmeɪniə/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/En-us-Romania.ogg/En-us-Romania.ogg.mp3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Romania.ogg
ⓘ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key
roh-MAY-nee-ə ;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language
Romanian:
România
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian
[romɨˈni.a]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Ro-Rom%C3%A2nia.ogg/Ro-Rom%C3%A2nia.ogg.mp3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ro-Rom%C3%A2nia.ogg
ⓘ ) is a country at the crossroads of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe
Central,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe
Easternand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe
Southeast Europe.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-14
14
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-15
15
It borders
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine
Ukraineto the north and east,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary
Hungaryto the west,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia
Serbiato the southwest,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria
Bulgariato the south,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova
Moldovato the east, and the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea
Black Seato the southeast.
It has a predominantly
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate
continental climate, and an area of 238,397km2(92,046sqmi), with a population of 19 million people (2023).
Romania is the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area
twelfth-largest countryin Europe and the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_population
sixth-most populousmember state of the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union
European Union.
Its capital and largest city is
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest
Bucharest, followed by
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i
Iași,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca
Cluj-Napoca,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara
Timișoara,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba
Constanța,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiova
Craiova,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov
Brașov, and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi
Galați.
Europe's second-longest river, the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube
Danube, rises in Germany's
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Forest
Black Forestand flows southeast for 2,857km (1,775mi), before emptying into Romania's
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Delta
Danube Delta.
The
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains
Carpathian Mountainscross Romania from the north to the southwest and include
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldoveanu_Peak
Moldoveanu Peak, at an altitude of 2,544m (8,346ft).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-16
16
Settlement in what is now Romania began in the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic
Lower Paleolithicfollowed by written records attesting the kingdom of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia
Dacia,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars
its conquest, and subsequent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)
Romanisationby the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire
Roman Empireduring
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_antiquity
late antiquity.
The modern Romanian state was formed in 1859 through a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union
personal unionof the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia
Danubian Principalitiesof
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia
Moldaviaand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia
Wallachia.
The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire
Ottoman Empirein 1877.
During
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I
World War I, after declaring its
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_country
neutralityin 1914, Romania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I
foughttogether with the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I
Allied Powersfrom 1916.
In the aftermath of the war,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovina
Bukovina,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia
Bessarabia,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania
Transylvania, and parts of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat
Banat,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana
Crișana, and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramure%C8%99
Maramureșbecame part of the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania
Kingdom of Romania.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-17
17
In June–August1940, as a consequence of the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pactand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award
Second Vienna Award, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union
Soviet Unionand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Transylvania
Northern Transylvaniato Hungary.
In November1940, Romania signed the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact
Tripartite Pactand, consequently, in June1941 entered
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II
World War IIon the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers
Axis side,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II
fighting against the Soviet Unionuntil August1944, when it
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat
joinedthe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II
Alliesand recovered Northern Transylvania.
Following the war and occupation by the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army
Red Army, Romania became a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania
socialist republicand a member of the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact
Warsaw Pact.
After the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Revolution
1989Revolution, Romania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Romania_(1989%E2%80%93present)
began a transitiontowards
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy
democracyand a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy
market economy.
Romania is a developed country,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-18
18
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-19
19
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-20
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and an emerging middle power in international affairs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-21
21
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-22
22
Its economy ranks among the fastest growing in the European Union, being the world's
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)
44th largest by nominal GDP, and the 36th largest by PPP.
Romania experienced rapid economic growth in the early 2000s; its economy is now based predominantly on services.
It is a producer and net exporter of cars and electric energy through companies like
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Dacia
Automobile Daciaand OMV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrom
Petrom.
The majority of Romania's population are ethnic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians
Romaniansand religiously identify themselves as
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodox Christians, speaking
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language
Romanian, a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages
Romance language(more specifically
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages
Eastern Romance/Balkan Romance).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Romance_languages
Romania is a member of the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations
United Nations, the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union
European Union,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO
NATO, the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe
Council of Europe,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation
BSECand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization
WTO.
Etymology
Main article:Name of Romania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Romania
"Romania" derives from the local name for
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians
Romanian(Romanian:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language
român), which in turn derives from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin
Latin
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/romanus
romanus , meaning "Roman" or "of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome
Rome".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-23
23
This ethnonym for Romanians is first attested in the 16thcentury by Italian humanists travelling in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania
Transylvania,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia
Moldavia, and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia
Wallachia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-24
24
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-25
25
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-26
26
The oldest known surviving document written in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language
Romanian, a 1521 letter known as the "Letter of Neacșu from Câmpulung",
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neac%C8%99u%27s_letter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-27
27
is notable for including the first documented occurrence of
Romanianin a country name: Wallachia is mentioned as
Țeara Rumânească.
History
Main article:History of Romania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Romania
Prehistory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oase_2_skull_(Homo_sapiens).jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Oase_2_skull_%28Homo_sapiens%29.jpg/220px-Oase_2_skull_%28Homo_sapiens%29.jpg
A partially reconstructed skull
Skull from thePeștera cu Oase(the oldest known remains ofHomo sapiensin Europe)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C8%99tera_cu_Oase
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice201360%E2%80%9361-28
28
Human remains found in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C8%99tera_cu_Oase
Peștera cu Oase("Cave with Bones"), radiocarbon date from circa 40,000 years ago, and represent the oldest known
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens
Homo sapiens in Europe.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice201360%E2%80%9361-28
28
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic
Neolithicagriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly
Thessalyin the 6thmillennium BC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19911%E2%80%932-29
29
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2013125%E2%80%93127-30
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Excavations near a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_spring
salt springat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83tori-Neam%C8%9B
Luncayielded the earliest evidence for salt exploitation in Europe; here salt production began between the 5th and 4th millennium BC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-31
31
The first permanent settlements developed into "proto-cities",
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2013149-32
32
which were larger than 320 hectares (800 acres).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-33
33
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19912-34
34
The
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture
Cucuteni–Trypillia culture—the best known
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_culture
archaeological cultureof
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)
Old Europe—flourished in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntenia
Muntenia, southeastern Transylvania and northeastern Moldavia in the 3rdmillenniumBC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19912-34
34
The first fortified settlements appeared around 1800BC, showing the militant character of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age
Bronze Agesocieties.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19912-34
34
Antiquity
Main article:Romania in Antiquity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_Antiquity
See also:Legacy of the Roman Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dacia_82_vChr.png
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dacia_82_vChr.png/220px-Dacia_82_vChr.png
Maximum territorial extent of theKingdom of DaciaduringBurebista's reign (early 40s BC)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burebista
Greek colonies established on the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea
Black Seacoast in the 7thcenturyBC became important centres of commerce with the local tribes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19913-35
35
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20143-36
36
Among the native peoples,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus
Herodotuslisted the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getae
Getaeof the Lower Danube region, the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathyrsi
Agathyrsiof Transylvania and the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syginnae
Syginnaeof the plains along the river
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisza
Tiszaat the beginning of the 5thcenturyBC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTERustoiu200532,_35%E2%80%9336-37
37
Centuries later,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo
Straboassociated the Getae with the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians
Dacianswho dominated the lands along the southern
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains
Carpathian Mountainsin the 1stcenturyBC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20147-38
38
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burebista
Burebistawas the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20147-38
38
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199914-39
39
He also conquered the Greek colonies in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja
Dobrujaand the neighbouring peoples as far as the Middle Danube and the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Mountains
Balkan Mountainsbetween around 55and44 BC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20147-38
38
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199914%E2%80%9315-40
40
After Burebista was murdered in 44BC, his kingdom collapsed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20147-38
38
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19914-41
41
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarmizegetusa_Regia.JPG
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sarmizegetusa_Regia.JPG/220px-Sarmizegetusa_Regia.JPG
Remains of circular buildings in a glade
Ruins of sanctuaries atSarmizegetusa Regia(Dacia's capital during the reigns of Burebista and Decebalus)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia
The Romans reached
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia
Daciaduring Burebista's reign and conquered Dobruja in 46AD.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19914-41
41
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia
Daciawas again united under
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decebalus
Decebalusaround 85AD.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20147-38
38
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199915-42
42
He resisted the Romans for decades, but the Roman army defeated his troops in 106AD.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins20149%E2%80%9310-43
43
Emperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan
Trajantransformed
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat
Banat,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltenia
Olteniaand the greater part of Transylvania into a new
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province
provincecalled
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Dacia
Roman Dacia, but Dacian,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples
Germanicand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians
Sarmatiantribes continued to dominate the lands along the Roman frontiers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19916-44
44
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu200568%E2%80%9369,_97%E2%80%9398-45
45
The Romans pursued an organised colonisation policy, and the provincials enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity in the 2ndcentury.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199922%E2%80%9323-46
46
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201413%E2%80%9314-47
47
Scholars accepting the Daco-Roman continuity theory—one of the main theories about the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians
origin of the Romanians—say that the cohabitation of the native Dacians and the Roman colonists in Roman Dacia was the first phase of the Romanians'
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis
ethnogenesis.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110-48
48
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop199919%E2%80%9320-49
49
The
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpians
Carpians,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths
Gothsand other neighbouring tribes made regular raids against Dacia from the210s.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins201414-50
50
The Romans could not resist, and Emperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian
Aurelianordered the evacuation of the province
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Trajana
Dacia Trajanain the 270s.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu2005105%E2%80%93107-51
51
Scholars supporting the continuity theory are convinced that most Latin-speaking commoners stayed behind when the army and civil administration was withdrawn.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu19918,_10-52
52
The Romans did not abandon their fortresses along the northern banks of the Lower Danube for decades, and Dobruja (known as
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)
Scythia Minor) remained an integral part of the Roman Empire until the early 7thcentury.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgescu199110-48
48
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpreanu2005108,_110%E2%80%93111-53
53