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Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice [4] [2] or Venetian Republic [5] was a sovereign state and maritime republic in parts of present-day Italy (mainly northeastern Italy) that existed for 1100 years from AD 697 until AD 1797.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice#cite_note-4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice#cite_note-unipd-2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice#cite_note-5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_republics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD
Centered on the lagoon communities of the prosperous city of Venice, it incorporated numerous overseas possessions in modern Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Greece, Albania and Cyprus. [6] The republic grew into a trading power during the Middle Ages and strengthened this position during the Renaissance.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Lagoon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice#cite_note-6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Venice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance
Citizens spoke the Venetian language.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_language
In its early years, it prospered on the salt trade.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_trade
In subsequent centuries, the city state established a thalassocracy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassocracy
It dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea, including commerce between Europe and North Africa, as well as Asia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia
The Venetian navy was used in the Crusades, most notably in the Fourth Crusade.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_navy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade
However, Venice perceived Rome as an enemy and maintained high levels of religious and ideological independence personified by the patriarch of Venice [7] and a highly developed independent publishing industry that served as a haven from Catholic censorship for many centuries.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Venice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice#cite_note-regis_aeterni-7
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship
Venice achieved territorial conquests along the Adriatic Sea.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea
It became home to an extremely wealthy merchant class, who patronised renowned art and architecture along the city's lagoons.
Venetian merchants were influential financiers in Europe.
The city was also the birthplace of great European explorers, such as Marco Polo, as well as Baroque composers such as Antonio Vivaldi and Benedetto Marcello and famous painters such as the Renaissance master Titian.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Marcello
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian
The republic was ruled by the doge, who was elected by members of the Great Council of Venice, the city-state's parliament, and ruled for life.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doge_of_Venice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Council_of_Venice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament
The ruling class was an oligarchy of merchants and aristocrats.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_nobility
Venice and other Italian maritime republics played a key role in fostering capitalism.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism
Venetian citizens generally supported the system of governance.
The city-state enforced strict laws and employed ruthless tactics in its prisons.
The opening of new trade routes to the Americas and the East Indies via the Atlantic Ocean marked the beginning of Venice's decline as a powerful maritime republic.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indies
The city state suffered defeats from the navy of the Ottoman Empire.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire
In 1797, the republic was plundered by retreating Austrian and then French forces, following an invasion by Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Republic of Venice was split into the Austrian Venetian Province, the Cisalpine Republic, a French client state, and the Ionian French departments of Greece.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Province
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands_(1797%E2%80%931799)
Venice as well as the whole of Veneto would become part of a unified Italy in the 19th century following the Kingdom of Italy's victory against Austria in The Third War of Italian Independence.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Italy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence